Q1. List the fundamental steps in digital image processing.

The fundamental steps in digital image processing form a systematic framework that converts raw image data into meaningful information. According to the lecture notes, the following are the major steps:

  1. Image Acquisition – The first step involves capturing an image using sensors and converting it into a digital form. (p. ~21–22 PDF)
  2. Image Enhancement – It manipulates an image to improve its visual appearance for human interpretation or for further processing. (p. ~21 PDF)
  3. Image Restoration – Focuses on improving the appearance of an image by removing distortions and noise using mathematical or probabilistic models. (p. ~21 PDF)
  4. Color Image Processing – Deals with processing colored images in RGB or indexed form. (p. ~21 PDF)
  5. Image Segmentation – Separates objects of interest from the background in an image. (p. ~21 PDF)
  6. Representation and Description – Converts segmented data into a form suitable for computer processing and extracts features for recognition. (p. ~21 PDF)
  7. Object Recognition – Assigns labels to objects based on their description (e.g., recognizing a car or face). (p. ~21 PDF)
  8. Morphological Processing – Extracts structural features such as shape and boundaries. (p. ~21 PDF)
  9. Image Compression – Reduces the amount of data required to store or transmit an image without losing essential information. (p. ~21 PDF)
  10. Knowledge Base – Guides the system in making decisions during processing by providing prior information about objects or the domain. (p. ~21 PDF)

Answer summary (for exam):

Digital Image Processing consists of a sequence of steps: acquisition, enhancement, restoration, color image processing, segmentation, representation & description, recognition, morphological processing, and compression. All these steps are supported by a knowledge base that provides prior domain information.

Q2. Explain 4 adjacency, 8 adjacency and mixed adjacency and show all three adjacency in diagrams.

(a) 4-Adjacency:

Two pixels are said to be 4-adjacent if they share an edge. For a pixel p(x,y), its 4-neighbors are:

(x+1,y), (x-1,y), (x,y+1), (x,y-1) (p. ~27 PDF).